【2000字英语论文】大概2000字左右，关于贫富差距的英文文献或英文文章，..._英语_不二211
编辑： admin 2017-15-06
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第一篇
Published on Tuesday, August 17, 2004 by the Associated Press
Gap Between Rich and Poor Widening in Troubled Economy
by Leigh Strope
WASHINGTON — Over two decades, the income gap has steadily increased between the richest Americans, who own homes and stocks and got big tax breaks, and those at the middle and bottom of the pay scale, whose paychecks buy less.
The growing disparity is even more pronounced in this recovering economy. Wages are stagnant, and the middle class is shouldering a larger tax burden. Prices for health care, housing, tuition, gas and food have soared.
The wealthiest 20 percent of households in 1973 accounted for 44 percent of total U.S. income, according to the Census Bureau. Their share jumped to 50 percent in 2002, while everyone else's fell. For the bottom fifth, the share dropped from 4.2 percent to 3.5 percent.
Jobs and the economy top the list of voter concerns this election year. President Bush touts a strong economy that is growing, but polls find that Americans have doubts and think jobs are scarce. His Democratic challenger, Sen. John Kerry, is trusted more on the economy.
Democrats talk regularly of "two Americas," divided between the rich and everyone else. That argument has merit, some private economists say.
"For those working in the bottom half of the pay scale, they're under an enormous amount of pressure," said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Economy.com.
New government data also show that Bush's tax cuts have shifted the overall tax burden to the middle class from the wealthiest Americans.
"We're just trying to get ahead," said Debbie Reames, 49, of Raytown, Mo., whose bank job of 24 years was outsourced in February. "But it seems like we climb a few rungs and then we fall back again."
Reames has a new secretarial job, which pays $7,000 a year less than her bank job, and she works catering jobs for extra money. Her husband, Russ, can no longer work after an injury.
One son is finishing college and another will start in the fall.
So the family budget tightened. That meant fewer cable channels, more meals at home, postponed doctor appointments, missed vacations, delayed credit-card payments, all to "keep the wolf away from the door," she said.
The U.S. jobs market is soft, sending wages down. Hiring came to a near standstill last month, with companies adding just 32,000 jobs overall, stunning economists who had expected seven times as many.
More than a million jobs have been added back to the 2.6 million lost since Bush took office, but many pay less and offer fewer benefits, such as health insurance. The new jobs are concentrated in health care, food services and temporary employment firms, all lower-paying sectors. Temp agencies alone account for about a fifth of all new jobs.
Three in five pay below the national median hourly wage of $13.53, said Sung Won Sohn, chief economist for Wells Fargo.
On a weekly basis, the average wage of $525.84 is at the lowest level since October 2001.
The income gap is showing up in booming sales of luxury items. Porsche Cars North America says sales are up 17 percent for the year. Strong sales at Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue overshadow lackluster sales at stores such as Wal-Mart, Sears and Payless Shoes.
Real-estate agent Lance Anderson, 38, of Overland Park, Kan., expects a record sales year, as homeowners upgrade to more expensive homes and commercial clients expand. He recently took his family to Florida for a two-week vacation.
"My clientele, it seems as a whole, has seen positive growth," he said. So his family, including three children, now eat out more often and spend more on clothes. The Andersons recently bought two new cars and expect to buy a larger house in the next few years.
Economists say wages should rise as companies boost hiring. But the growing gap between the haves and have-nots will remain.
Technology has eliminated many U.S. jobs, as has global competition, particularly from low-wage countries such as China. Highly skilled, educated workers in America will thrive as demand rises, Sohn said, while low-skilled jobs remain vulnerable to outsourcing.
"This really has nothing to do with Bush or Kerry, but more to do with the longer-term shift in the structure of the economy," Sohn said.
第二篇
http://www.mindfully.org/WTO/China-Wealth-Gap11may02.htm
China sounds alarm over fast-growing gap between rich and poor
AP 11may02
BEIJING -- In an unusually frank assessment, a top Chinese planning official warned that the gap between rich and poor in China is rapidly widening and could threaten national stability.
In just 20 years, China has gone from having virtually no income gap to having one of the world's biggest, Lu Zhiqiang, deputy director of the government's Development Research Center, said in a speech Thursday at the Asian Development Bank's annual meeting in Shanghai.
"The problem of income distribution has become the most noticeable issue among current social problems in China," Lu said, according to an account of his speech posted on the official People's Daily Website on Saturday.
About 70 percent of Chinese think the wealth gap has harmed social stability, he was quoted saying. No details were given about the origins of that figure.
"People are showing great discontent with the irrationally high income gained through the monopoly of industries, and with the legal gains derived from graft and corruption, and power-for-money transaction," he said.
China frequently touts the enormous progress its economy has made since the Communist Party introduced reforms in the late 1970s. Officials rarely mention growing social and economic inequalities.
Most Chinese have seen tremendous improvements in their quality of life over the past two decades, but China's coastal areas have absorbed the bulk of foreign investment and grown most rapidly while the interior has lagged.
Closures of decrepit state industries and stagnating rural incomes have sparked protests by laid-off workers and impoverished farmers. Meanwhile, resentment is growing over abuse of power and rampant corruption among high officials and well-connected businessmen.
Rising unrest has rattled the party, which came to power on a program of revolution but which now styles itself the guardian of stability. Leaders have been unwilling to institute political and legal reforms that could boost accountability and weaken the party's political monopoly.
The ineffectiveness of the legal system and economic levers make it hard to reverse the worsening trend in income disparities, Lu said.
第三篇
http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1588900.htm
Gap between rich and poor widens in China
The World Today - Friday, 10 March , 2006 12:40:00
Reporter: John Taylor
ELEANOR HALL: To China now and the growing official concern about wealth inequality in the country.
The leader who began modern China's economic reform era, Deng Xiaoping, famously declared that "to get rich is glorious".
But the problem authorities are facing now is that some people have become extremely wealthy, while the great majority of Chinese people remain desperately poor.
In Beijing, Correspondent John Taylor reports.
JOHN TAYLOR: On Beijing's streets it's not unusual now to see a Ferrari cruise by.
In the time of Mao this would have been unimaginable. After all, this was Red China and a red sportscar would have been a joke, a symbol of hated class superiority. The driver would have been destined for a life of suffering.
And besides all that, everybody was poor except the few political leaders at the top.
Twenty-five years of reforms have transformed China. In Beijing alone last year, about 1,000 new cars merged onto the roads every day. Many of them were luxury vehicles.
But China is still a developing country, with more than half its people leading rural lives. But as a new class of super-rich emerge and the ranks of the middle class swell, the gap between the rich and the poor in China has become a yawning chasm.
Economist Li Zhining says it's getting greater as China gets richer.
"The income of farmers and low-income urban people is actually becoming lower and lower," he says.
The wealth gap isn't just between town and country.
A recent report from the National Development and Reform Commission, China's main economic planning agency, said inequality just in China's cities was now
"unreasonable".
A survey found the poorest fifth of urban residents received only 2.75 per cent of total income in urban areas, whereas the richest fifth commanded 20 times as much.
Communist China's new five-year plan, due to be approved by this year's session of the National People's Congress, stresses the importance of creating a more equal society.
The Government wants to improve medical care and social welfare for ordinary people.
Income tax thresholds have been changed, and a centuries-old farm tax has been scrapped.
Economist, Mao Yushi, is careful not to go too far in his statements lest he land in political trouble. But he says Chinese politics is part of the problem.
"The wealth in China is not only allocated by the market," he says, "but also by power."
"The people with power have money. The marriage between power and money allows people to make money by using illegal methods. It increases further the income gap between the rich and the poor beyond the market itself," he says.
But it's hard to check corruption and abuse of power when the public really has no way to hold leaders or institutions to account, because that's seen as threatening Communist rule.
Economist Li Zhining also believes the worsening gap between the rich and the poor in China won't be addressed until there's structural change.
Independent trade unions are an obvious start.
"Worker unions are actually economic organizations, not political ones," he says. "But I don't understand why the Government is so worried about them. They are worried about the workers being organised to make trouble."
"But what trouble will they make? What the workers want is just higher salaries, which is right.
"Otherwise, if the wealth is concentrated only in the hands of the capitalists, it will shrink consumption in society."
Independent trade unions don't exist in China because of history. Poland's Solidarity movement helped toppled authoritarian rule. China has carefully studied what happened in the former USSR.
The Party's commitment to a more equal society only extends as far as it can maintain control.
http://www.google.com.sg/search?q=Gap+between+the+Rich+and+the+Poor%EF%BC%8Cchina&hl=en
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908770.html
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/08/13/national/main635936.shtml
互助这道作业题的同学还参与了下面的作业题
题1： 【求英语作文关于贫富差距的关于贫富差距的高中作文,300字到500字,或者120字左右,两者都可以,实在不行就弄点精彩段落,句子什么的,水平不用太高,语句通顺语法准确就行,没多少时间了,对了,】[英语科目]
While china continue to amaze the outside world with its stories of rapid economic growth,the country's Gini Co-efficient-a standard measure of income inequality has exceed the 0.40 threshold viewed as danger level.Although china has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of absolute poverty during the period of reform and opening,has transformed from planning economy system to marked-oriented system,the gap between the rich and poor remains in rural-urban income as well as in every social classes are widening that will confine the long-term development of national economy as whole.
The per capita disposable income of city dwellers released in 2003 was 8,472 yuan (US$1,024),compared with 2,622 yuan (US$317) of farmers that account for 80% of the national population. approx. 25% of chinese population is in the upper middle class to rich. But the larger segment-about 75% is in the low middle class to poor.Even though the past year of 2004 appears a good one for the country's some 800 million farmers thanks to a substantial recovery in grain price and cuting tax,the task to uplift the farmer income,to narrow the disparity and inequality which will affect society stabilization in rural-urban development level is arduous. to achieve a coordinated development between urban and rural areas and to resolve issues concerning agriculture, farmers and rural areas,Wen called for reforms to increase assistance and protection for agriculture, to speed up urbanization, to let cities play a bigger role in promoting the development of rural areas and to coordinate the development of urban and rural areas, by unifying the management of issues like labor, family, compulsory education, and taxation.
题2： 求有关物业管理的英文文献!3000字的文章也可以我需要的是物业管理现状及解决措施什么的，不过还是非常谢谢楼下那位！[英语科目]
Chapter 6: Property Management Functions (I)
第六章 物业管理职能（一）
Having looked at how requirements for management vary by property type, we will now examine a manager’s day-to-day duties in more detail. Like many working people, a property manager wakes up in the morning, dresses for work, eats breakfast, and drives to an office (either on or off the managed premises). Once there, what does he or she do? We will first list all of the functions and then cover the most important ones in greater detail.
在看到随物业类型不同管理要求的变化之后,我们现在详细查看一个物业经理日常职责.如许多工作的人一样,物业经理早上起床,穿上职业装,吃早饭,然后开车去办公室（在或者不再所管理的物业内）.在那里,他或者她又做些什么?我们先列出所有的职能,然后详述最重要部分.
MAKING A MANAGEMENT PLAN
As the agent of the property owner, the property manager is bound to carry out the owner’s objectives. Making explicit those objectives is the first step in creating a management plan. As we have seen, properties under paid management may be very small, or they may be multimillion-dollar complexes. A management plan can be equally simple or elaborate, as suits the scope of management and the market area of a property. Regardless on size, it is important to make a plan (which could range from a handwritten half page to 50 pages typed and bound, depending on the project…). Here we should note that a management plan for any size property contains three points: (1) an analysis of the competitive environment; (2) an analysis of the property itself, and (3) enumeration of the owner’s objectives and recommendations for achieving them.
制定管理计划
作为业主的代理人,物业经理有责任实现业主的目标.创建管理计划的第一步是使这些目标明晰化.如我们所看到,付费管理的物业可能很小,或者可能是数百万美元的建筑群落.管理计划可以相等地简单或者精细,与物业的市场区域和管理的范围相适应.无所谓大小,重要的是制定计划（可能从手写的半页纸到打印且装订好的50页,依项目而定……）.这里我们需注意用于任何大小物业的管理计划包含三点：（1）一份竞争环境的分析；（2）一份物业本身的分析；和（3）列举业主的目标及实现它们的建议.
MAKING A BUDGET
A manager collects money, pays the bills, and sends what is left to the owner in millions or hundreds. A budget is essential for two reasons: (1) to regulate cash flow that is , to make sure sufficient cash is on hand to meet obligations like taxes, mortgage payments, operating expenses, and special capital improvements (e.g., new roof) when needed; and (2) to measure performance to act as a standard for measuring the manager’s success in meeting objectives.
制定预算
物业经理筹钱,付账,然后把或多或少的结余结算给业主.预算是必要的,有两个原因：（1）调节现金流,用来确保手头有充足现金以应付必须时的如税收,抵押金,运营费用,及特别设备改建（如,新屋顶）这些负担；及（2）在会议目的中做为权衡表现的标准用来衡量物业经理成功与否.
PAYING EXPENSES; KEEPING BOOKS AND RECORDS
The property manager must see to it that operating expenses, real estate taxes, insurance premiums, and mortgage payments are paid when due. Depending on the arrangement, a manager may be authorized to sign checks or may only prepare a list of payments for the owner’s attention. The manager also keeps records of income and outlays and works with the owner’s accountant in preparing annual financial statements and tax returns. The manager may also be responsible for reports required by government authorities.
支付费用、保留记录
物业经理务必保证运营花费,房地产税,保险费,抵押金到期时已经支付.取决于安排,物业经理可能被授权签署支票或者仅仅预备一张让业主留意的费用列表.物业经理也要保留收益和费用的记录,和在准备年度财政陈述和退税时和业主的会计协同工作.物业经理可能同样要为官方要求的报告负责.
Chapter 7: Property Management Functions (II)
第七章 物业管理职能（二）
Showing and renting space
Although marketing real estate is a function distinct from managing it, the two are often combined in the hands of the property manager or management firm. In the case of apartment buildings, the manager actually on the site (the resident manager) usually shows vacant apartments and may handle lease negotiations as well. In the case of commercial or office space, leasing is often performed by specialists within a property management firm or may be handled by a separate brokerage firm.
展示和出租空间
尽管买卖房地产是不同于管理的一个职能,两者通常合并在一起交由物业经理或者管理公司负责.就公寓建筑来说,物业经理实际上在现场（常驻经理）通常展示空闲公寓,并且可能还经手租约谈判.就商业或者办公空间来说,出租通常由物业管理公司内部的专家来完成,或者可能交由别的经纪公司.
Because of the importance of leasing and the expertise and special effort required to do it well, a property manager who handles the lease function often receives a commission over and above his regular management fee. The leasing function can be classified into three steps, all or some of which may be performed by the property manager or management firm.
出于出租的重要性和要把它做好的特别努力及专家意见,经手出租的物业经理通常会收到超过或者高于正常管理酬金的一份佣金.出租职能可以分为三步,所有的或者某步可能由物业经理或管理公司来完成.
SETTING RENTAL LEVELS.
A rent schedule should be established with the objective of maximizing future rental income from the property. Setting rents is far from an exact science: it calls for the exercise of good judgment based on a knowledge of rent rates and available space in comparable buildings as well as the features, functions, and benefits of both the subject property and competing space. A technique used by many professional property managers is the base-unit-rate approach. This involves choosing a standard unit in an apartment building (e.g., a two-bedroom apartment on the sixth floor) or a specified number of square feet in an office or derived from a study of the market with adjustments for differences between the particular property and its competition. (For example, a newer building normally commands higher rent for space than an older building, all other things being equal.) Within the particular building, rent rates will vary depending on the relative merits and deficiencies of each unit. For example, space on higher floors usually floors offer the amenities of less street noise and a better view.
设置出租等级
以最大化物业未来的出租收益为目标建立出租日程.设置租金不是一门精密科学：它需要基于可以比较的建筑物的出租费用和可用空间,同样如所属物业和竞争空间的特色,功能和利益的这些学问的良好判断力.许多专业物业经理所采用的一种方法是基本单元等级逼近.这包括选择公寓建筑内一个标准单元（如,六层的两卧公寓）或者一个办公室的指定平方英尺数或者得自带有对特定物业和它的竞争对象的差别的调整的市场研究.（比如,较新建筑通常要求比较旧建筑更高的对空间的租金,在其他都相同的情况下.）在特定建筑内,出租费用取决于各单元的相对优点和不足而变化.比如,高层空间通常要由于没有街道噪音和更好的风景租金更高.
SOLICITING PROSPECTS
The second step in the leasing process is to advertise space in appropriate media (whether billboards, newspapers, radio, or television) and show in a perfunctory way, this task should properly be regarded as the time for intensive personal selling on the part of the leasing agent. To sell space effectively, the leasing agent must not only be familiar with every detail of the property being shown, but also should ascertain the precise needs and desires of the prospect.
征集可能的客户
出租过程的第二步是为所出租空间在合适媒体登广告（无论是广告牌,报纸,电台,电视）.如果只是敷衍了事,这个任务可能会被认为出租代理的一次过分的人员推销.要有效的出售空间,出租代理要不仅熟悉展示物业的每个细节,也要探知这些可能的客户的精确需要和期望.
NEGOTIATING AND EXECUTING LEASES
Finally, the property manager will be involved, to a greater or lesser extent, in the negotiation and execution of the lease. In the case of an apartment project, where standard form leases are used and little negotiation normally occurs, the manager may perform the entire process. On the other hand, a long-term lease of several floors in a major office building will require the efforts of both legal counsel and the owner. Even here, however, the property manager plays an important preliminary role because of his initial contacts with the tenant.
谈判和执行租约
最后,在租约的谈判和执行上或多或少对物业经理来说有些棘手.就公寓项目来说,采用标准形式的租约,正常地很少有谈判,物业经理完成整个过程.另一方面,一个主要办公建筑的多层长期租约需要业主和法律顾问双方的努力.甚至在这时,物业经理还是有初步的重要作用,由于他和承租人最初的合同.
题3： 论文中外文文献的参考是不是说把外文文章里的内容翻译成中文放论文中但最后的文献参考列表里还是用英文
1,不论是文末的参考文献还是行文中引文的外文文献,一般均用原始文献的名称、作者及出处.亦可视情在括号中译出中文文献名.
2,如果是纸质文献,还需注明期刊期号（某年某期）或书籍原出版社及出版时间.如果是来自网络,当注明网址.
3,如果采用的是中译本的外文文献,则直接用中译本作为参考文献.
4,行文中引用外文文章,有两种办法,一是直接引用外文,（此办法多半用于比较专业的学术论文,读者均具有理解能力）或者在外文后用括号译成中文.另一种是直接译成中文,然后在译文后用括号给出原文,或者在注释中给出原文.视情而定.
5,如果是给专业刊物投稿,最好了解一下该刊物对于参考文献列表以及注释的有关规定,按要求做.
题4： 【求一段英文文章、文献,要关于劳动合同法的我要英文的,长一些,翻译成中文以后大约2000字的.如果带翻译最好,只有英文也行,我用谷歌在线翻译,如果译成中文够2000字就给分,是我没说清楚?您】[语文科目]
给你篇：中文地址：《劳动合同法》的地方立法资源评述 http://hi.baidu.com/%D6%D0%B9%FA%C6%DA%BF%AF%D5%F7%B8%E5%CD%F8/blog/item/62a72e59d4a209d69d8204fa.html 英文地址："Labor Contract Law" Review of the l...
题5： 【中国的贫富差距很大用英语怎么说?谢谢】[英语科目]
There is a great gap between the rich and the poor in China.